Chapter 9 is on Bologna. I have already quoted
much of what is of interest in this chapter, in connection with his chapter 3, on Ferrara. However a summary may be in
order here, with quotes where there is something new.
The first reference to tarot in Bologna is 1459, of a robbery of tarot cards.Then in 1472 a biography of St. Bernardino says that in 1423 tarot cards were part of a bonfire he organized, although a previous biography only said "cards". It is clear that in the 1470s tarot cards are being produced in quantity (p. 220, omitting the Italian original of the footnote):
He puts a discussion of the "Charles VI' in this chapter, even though he has attributed it to Ferrara and thinks the numbers written on it after the fact are Florentine. I have already discussed this issue in my post on Dummett's Chapter 3.
Around 1600 the design of the Devil card was changed, from the one with a face and mouth in the middle of the figure to what it is in the 17th century extant decks. He does not describe it, but it shows a devil standing in profile, with one mouth from which flames leap out. It is pictured in Vitali and Zanetti's Il Tarocchino di Bologna, p. 32. Since I cannot find this card pictured anywhere on the Web, here is my scan of that page: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDRRnVANPPqOn8fHqQBSW90AUJPGnyA6ndi2aOBXS5NH7NTpU8gsdno3EqvViygEOfRIEW4SOmEdlKRfrvaKDRkiTSYQKmrTzDzprEpwAoZpb5s7psaJlsyjr8RJINHBhh_sLF8DP9qWg/s1600/IlTorre17thcent1.JPG. You can see how close they are to the Beaux Arts/Rothschild designs (http://www.letarot.it/cgi-bin/pages/saggi/foglio_2.JPG, http://www.letarot.it/cgi-bin/pages/saggi/foglio1.jpg).
A "non-standard" deck was done by a cardmaker named Mittelli between 1663 and 1669 for the Bentivoglio family. Dummet says (p. 231):
A 17th century deck in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris show the Fibbia arms in the Queen of Batons; the Queen of Coins is missing (p.229).
In 1725 a geographical deck attributing a "mixed government" to Bologna led the papal legate to require that the four "papi" be changed to Moors, which was done. I quoted Dummett's account earlier.
Around 1750, all the lowest courts become male [Fanti], instead of having Maids [Fantini] in Cups and Coins. In 1760-1780 the deck became two-headed. Dummett complains (p. 239):
He lists 5 "tarocchini appropriati" (pp. 234f). In this case rather than give a literal translation, I think it will be clearer if I follow the Italian with a list. I will then add my own comments, when I have any, in brackets after each item on the list.
1. 1668, in which ladies of Bologna are given names of tarocchi, including one as the Angel and another as the Devil.
2. Another, before 1725, similarly, where a Countess Baldi is assigned to the Devil for her horrid deformities and ugliness. [This list is in Vitali and Zanetti, Il Tarocchini di Bologna, by Vitali and Zanetti, 2005.]
3. From the 1680s, a satirical sonnet, ‘Il giuoco de Tarocchini sopra Michele Tekeli Ribello’ about a Hungarian who fought alongside the Turks. Only one Pope is included. [The sonnet in Italian is at http://trionfi.com/pratesi-cartomancer. A translation of the first four lines is at http://www.letarot.it/page.aspx?id=199&lng=eng. The occasion was 1683, but the poem could be any time before 1725.]
4. After 1725, 'Thrionfi de Tarocchi e motivi latini appropriati a ciascuno dei canonici di S. Pietro’ [Triumphs of Tarocchi and Latin reasons appropriate to each of the canons of St. Peter']. The four Moors are listed below the Bagatino and the Fool. [Ross Caldwell gave this list with a translation at http://www.tarotforum.net/showthread.php?t=167088. He lists the Moors above the Bagatino and the Fool. However his source, Vitali and Zanetti, Il Tarocchini di Bologna, 2005, has the order in the way Dummett says.]
5. After 1725, "The Triumphs of Tarocchini", which associates ladies with cards, with the "Moretti" above the Bagatino and Fool.
I would add that Vitali and Zanetti include at least two more, both in strict Bolognese order, both anonymous and undated. One links the triumphs in order with different districts in the city of Bologna. The other is called "La Granda de Tarochini che invita le sfere celesti aeree ferree, e sotteranee, al Trionfante Applauso universale del Sig. Andre Casale". This poem is discussed with quotes in Italian and English at http://www.letarot.it/page.aspx?id=243&lng=ENG. This last has "Temperamento" highlighted in the poem and lacks any mention of Papi, except in a separate stanza at the end, which simply lists the appluading cards, which has both "Tempra" and "quattro Papi". Casale died in 1639, so the poem is between then and 1725. Vitali and Zanetti also give a few other poems that include the titles of the cards within them, but since Alciati's is one of them, I am not sure which are Bolognese.
I have already discussed one aspect of Dummett's account of the rules, more complex than in Milan, with the Angel counting for points, also the last trick and combinations. Besides sequences, there is another type of combinations, called "cricche" or, in the past, "parigli". The rules are complex (p. 238):
The first reference to tarot in Bologna is 1459, of a robbery of tarot cards.Then in 1472 a biography of St. Bernardino says that in 1423 tarot cards were part of a bonfire he organized, although a previous biography only said "cards". It is clear that in the 1470s tarot cards are being produced in quantity (p. 220, omitting the Italian original of the footnote):
In this regard, the early 16th century Beaux Arts and Rothschild sheets (which are of the same deck) compare very well with the oldest Bolognese cards, which date to the 18th century, suggesting little change in the design of the cards since the beginning of the 16th century, which is when Dummett thinks the "four papi" were introduced, on which I have already quoted him in my post on his Chapter 3. The first direct evidence of the order comes from 1664, he says (p. 225). The names are standard, except that the Hanged Man is "Traditore", Fortitude is "Forza", and Temperance is "Tempra". "Il Bagatino" was used until the 19th century. I have already quoted and translated Dummett's p. 224 (in the disucssion of his chapter 3), but not 225. So here it is:Già dal 1477 carte da tarocchi venivano prodotte in quantità a Bologna, come è documentato dalla commissione al fabbricante di carte Pietro Bonozzi, che firmò un contratto in quell’anno 9.
Already since 1477 tarot cards were produced in quantity in Bologna, as documented by the Commissioner to the card manufacturer Pietro Bonozzi, who signed a contract in that year 9.
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9. See articles cited in note 1. [Emilio Orioli, ‘Sulle carte da giuoco a Bologna nel secolo XV’, Il libro e la stampa, anno II [On playing cards in Bologna in the fifteenth century', The book and the print, year II] (ns), 1908, pp. 109-19, p. 112, and Albano Sorbelli,, ‘Un’antica stamperìa di carte da giuoco '[An old playing-card printing house], Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, 1940, pp. 189-97, at p. 192-3.]
La più antica prova diretta dell’ordine dei trionfi rispettato a Bologna risale al 1664 circa; dopo quella data è rimasto invariato. Non c’è ragione di ritenere che non dovesse essere stato quello fin dall’introduzione del gioco, tranne per un aspetto. Una caratteristica dell’ordine dei trionfi è quasi esclusivamente bolognese. Le quattro carte di rango immediatamente superiore al Bagatto o Bagattino — e cioè il Papa, la Papessa, l’Imperatore, l’Imperatrice — erano collettivamente note a Bologna come ‘Papi’(18). Fu consuetudine fra giocatori bolognesi attribuire a queste quattro carte lo stesso valore: ciascuna poteva battere il Bagattino ed era battuta da qualsiasi altro trionfo, e, se due o più Papi erano giocati nella stessa presa, quello giocato per ultimo batteva gli altri. È certo che si tratta di una consuetudine molto antica; sarà stata introdotta verso l’inizio del XVI secolo, prima della riduzione del mazzo a sessantadue carte. E tuttavia improbabile che si tratti della pratica originaria. Se il gioco dei Tarocchi fu introdotto a Bologna da un’altra città, allora in un primo tempo sarà stato giocato come altrove, con una ben precisa gerarchizzazione fra i Papi. Se invece fu inventato a Bologna, allora l’uguaglianza di rango fra i Papi deve essere stata adottata come regola solo dopo il diffondersi del gioco in altre parti d’Italia.I do not understand why it should have been the way Dummett says it has to have been. Why couldn't the four "papi" have been introduced in Bologna, changed in Florence, then spread elsewhere? I also do not know what he is referring to by "1664".
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18 Si veda Playing cards of Various Ages and Countries selected from the Collection of Lady Charlotte Schreiber, Voi. IH, Londra, 1895, p. 14, che cita un manoscritto bolognese del 1820 che si riferisce all’affare del canonico Montieri (v. infra, p, 282). Si vedano anche Scritti originali del Conte Carlo Cesare Malvasia spettanti atta sua Felsina Pittrice, a cura di Lea Marzocchi, Bologna, 1983, p. 148, e il manoscritto ‘I trionfi de Tarocchini Appropriati ciascheduno ad una Dama Bolognese’ (v. infra, p. 234), che assegna i «quattro Papi» collettivamente a quattro dame.
(The oldest direct evidence of the order of triumphs respected in Bologna dates back to around 1664; after that date it remained unchanged. There is no reason to believe that it should not have been that since the game was introduced, except in one respect. One feature of the order of triumphs is almost exclusively Bolognese. The four cards ranking immediately above Bagatto or Bagattino - namely the Pope, the Popess, the Emperor, the Empress - were collectively known in Bologna as 'Papi' (18). It was customary among Bolognese players to attribute the same value to these four cards: each could beat the Bagattino and was beaten by any other triumph, and, if two or more Popes were played in the same trick, the one played last beat the others. It is certain that this is a very ancient custom; it would have been introduced towards the beginning of the 16th century, before the reduction of the deck to sixty-two cards. It is however unlikely that this is the original practice. If the Tarot game was introduced to Bologna from another city, then at first it would have been played as elsewhere, with a precise hierarchization among the Papi. If instead it was invented in Bologna, then the equality of rank among the Papi must have been adopted as a rule only after the spread of the game into other parts of Italy.
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18 See Playing cards of Various Ages and Countries selected from the Collection of Lady Charlotte Schreiber, Vol. IH, London, 1895, p. 14, which cites a Bolognese manuscript from 1820 which refers to the affair of Canon Montieri (see below, p, 282). See also original writings of Count Carlo Cesare Malvasia due to his Felsina Pittrice, edited by Lea Marzocchi, Bologna, 1983, p. 148, and the manuscript 'The triumphs of Tarocchini Appropriati each to a Bolognese lady' (see below, p. 234), which assigns the "four Popes" collectively to four ladies.
He puts a discussion of the "Charles VI' in this chapter, even though he has attributed it to Ferrara and thinks the numbers written on it after the fact are Florentine. I have already discussed this issue in my post on Dummett's Chapter 3.
Around 1600 the design of the Devil card was changed, from the one with a face and mouth in the middle of the figure to what it is in the 17th century extant decks. He does not describe it, but it shows a devil standing in profile, with one mouth from which flames leap out. It is pictured in Vitali and Zanetti's Il Tarocchino di Bologna, p. 32. Since I cannot find this card pictured anywhere on the Web, here is my scan of that page: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDRRnVANPPqOn8fHqQBSW90AUJPGnyA6ndi2aOBXS5NH7NTpU8gsdno3EqvViygEOfRIEW4SOmEdlKRfrvaKDRkiTSYQKmrTzDzprEpwAoZpb5s7psaJlsyjr8RJINHBhh_sLF8DP9qWg/s1600/IlTorre17thcent1.JPG. You can see how close they are to the Beaux Arts/Rothschild designs (http://www.letarot.it/cgi-bin/pages/saggi/foglio_2.JPG, http://www.letarot.it/cgi-bin/pages/saggi/foglio1.jpg).
A "non-standard" deck was done by a cardmaker named Mittelli between 1663 and 1669 for the Bentivoglio family. Dummet says (p. 231):
In the late 17th century a painting is done with words attributing the invention of tarrochino to a Prince Fibbia of the early 15th century, but since this was after tarocchino, with a short deck in the suits, had substituted for tarocchi, this probably means the game itself. That reduction had been accomplished in the early 17th century.Si conoscono esemplari colorati di questo mazzo, per esempio, presso il Museo della U.S. Playing-Card Company di Cincinnati; è stato anche pubblicato un volume di tali incisioni. L’edizione del libro attesta che l’ordine dei trionfi suddetto era rispettato a quel tempo, poiché essi sono disposti in quell’ordine. Attesta anche la pratica di trattare i Papi come aventi lo stesso valore, poiché Mitelli rimpiazzò la Papessa con un secondo Papa, diverso dall’altro nel disegno, ma non distinguibile in base al soggetto della carta 16. I disegni di Mitelli sono del tutto non standard e non hanno avuto alcuna influenza sull’evoluzione del modello standard, anche se esiste una certa somiglianza fra il seme di Spade di Mitelli e quello del mazzo cinquecentesco nella collezione Leber di Rouen,
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16. lì volume delle incisioni fu ristampato nel 1970 da Huber e Herpel, di Offenbach am Main, con il titolo Bologneser Tarockspiel des 11. Jahrhunderts. Per la datazione delle incisioni, si vedano il catalogo Costume e Società nei Giochi a stampa di Giuseppe Maria Mitelli, Perugia, 1988, p. 158, e il volume di scritti di Carlo Cesare Malvasia menzionato, supra, nella nota 13, di p. 225. Sono debitore a Franco Pratesi per il secondo riferimento. Nel suo ‘Italian Cards: New Discoveries’, n. 7, The Playing Card, Voi. XVTI, 1988, pp. 587-65, e n. 9, ibid., 1989, pp. 136-46, il Pratesi sostiene che l’omissione della Giustizia dall’edizione bolognese seicentesca del poemetto veneziano ‘Barzeletta sopra del giuoco’ attesti un posto per questa carta nel gioco bolognese dei Tarocchi.
(We know examples of this colored pack, for example, at the Museum of the U.S. Playing Card Company of Cincinnati; it has also published a book of these engravings. The edition of the book attests that the above order of the triumphs was observed at that time, as they are arranged in that order. It also attests to the practice of treating the Popes as having the same value, as Mitelli replaced the Popess with a second pope, different from the other in depiction, but not distinguishable according to the subject of the card 16. The Mitelli designs are completely non-standard and had no influence on the evolution of the standard model, although there is a certain similarity between the Mitelli suit of Swords and that of the sixteenth century in the Rouen pack of the Leber collection.
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16.The volume of engravings there was reprinted in 1970 by Huber and Herpel, Offenbach am Main, with the title Bologneser Tarockspiel des 17 Jahrhunderts. For the dating of the engravings, see the catalog Costume e Società nei Giochi [Custums and Society in Games] published by Giuseppe Maria Mitelli, Perugia, 1988, p. 158, and the volume of writings by Carlo Cesare Malvasia mentioned, supra, note 13, p. 225. I am indebted to Franco Pratesi for the second reference. In his 'Italian Cards: New Discoveries', n. 7, The Playing Card, Vol XVII 1988, p. 587-65, and n. 9, ibid., 1989, p. 136-46, Pratesi argues that the omission of Justice from the Venetian edition of the seventeenth century Bolognese poem ‘Barzeletta sopra del giuoco’ ['Barzeletta on games'] attests to the position of this card in the Bolognese game of Tarot.
A 17th century deck in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris show the Fibbia arms in the Queen of Batons; the Queen of Coins is missing (p.229).
In 1725 a geographical deck attributing a "mixed government" to Bologna led the papal legate to require that the four "papi" be changed to Moors, which was done. I quoted Dummett's account earlier.
Around 1750, all the lowest courts become male [Fanti], instead of having Maids [Fantini] in Cups and Coins. In 1760-1780 the deck became two-headed. Dummett complains (p. 239):
Then shortly after, numbers were added to the cards.Quando gli Assi del Tarocco bolognese furono, senza necessità alcuna, trasformati in'carte a due teste, l’Asso di Spade assunse una forma particolarmente strana, irriconoscibile per i non iniziati, e l’Asso di Denari perse il cane e la lepre che lo avevano abbellito fin dal XVII secolo se non prima.
(When the Aces of the Tarot of Bologna were, unnecessarily, changed into cards with two heads, the Ace of Swords took on a particularly strange form, unrecognizable to the uninitiated, and the Ace of Coins lost the dog and the hare that had graced it since the seventeenth century, if not before.)
He lists 5 "tarocchini appropriati" (pp. 234f). In this case rather than give a literal translation, I think it will be clearer if I follow the Italian with a list. I will then add my own comments, when I have any, in brackets after each item on the list.
Here is the list I extract from the above:I ‘tarocchi appropriati’ entrarono in voga a Bologna più tardi che altrove, e non sempre erano in versi. Un elenco manoscritto, del 1668, è menzionato da Lodovico Frati; egli scrive: «si definivano alcune dame colle carte del gioco dei tarocchini. Donna Cristina di Nortumbria era battezzata come l’Angelo e la contessa Palmieri Fava come il Diavolo»18. Un altro, ‘I trionfi de Tarocchini Appropriati ciascheduno ad una Dama Bolognese’, è composto di due parti distinte: la prima parte elenca le corrispondenze fra i trionfi e le dame, e la seconda fornisce in prosa una spiegazione della corrispondenza proposta, talvolta crudele; per esempio, il Diavolo è assegnato alla contessa Baldi «perché di spaventole deformità, e bruttezza». Questa sgradevole composizione è conservata in manoscritto e fu redatta senza dubbio prima del 1725, poiché include fra i trionfi i «quattro Papi» 19.
Un altro esempio bolognese, anch’esso conservato in manoscritto, è un sonetto satirico, Tl giuoco de Tarocchini sopra Michele Tekeli Ribello’. Questo sonetto, datato all’ultimo decennio del XVII secolo, inveisce contro il traditore ungherese Imre Thòkòly (1657-1705), che si era battuto accanto ai Turchi contro la liberazione della sua patria. Il sonetto, probabilmente del decennio 1680-90, usa i nomi di tutti trionfi in sequenza, salvo che c’è un solo Papa; come negli altri due manoscritti, l’ordine dei trionfi è quello costante nelle fonti bolognesi 20.
Infine, altri due manoscritti, composti dopo il 1725, contengono rispettivamente ‘Thrionfi de Tarocchi e motivi latini appropriati a ciascuno dei canonici di S. Pietro’ e ‘Trionfi dei [end of 234, start of 236] Tarocchini’. Il primo consiste soltanto di un elenco in tre colonne: la prima con il nome di un trionfo, la seconda con quello di un canonico e la terza con un motto latino. Quattro Mori sostituiscono i Papi, ma sono collocati al di sotto del Matto e del «Bagarino»; gli altri trionfi sono elencati nell’ordine consueto 21. Il secondo manoscritto è un elenco di dame bolognesi, con i trionfi corrispondenti; i «quattro Moretti» sono collocati giustamente al di sopra del Bagattino 22.
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18. Si veda L. Frati, La vita privata di Bologna dal secolo XIII al secolo XVI, p. 184.
19. II manoscritto è conservato nella Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, ms. 83/9, Fondo Ubaldo Zanetti, e fu esposto alla mostra di tarocchi a Ferrara nel 1987; si veda I Tarocchi, p. 109, n. 38, che data la composizione imprecisamente al XVIII secolo. Si veda anche F. Pratesi, ‘Italian Cards: New Discoveries’, n. 9, The Playing Card, Vol. XVII, 1989, pp. 136-46. Pratesi cita erroneamente l'espressione «quattro Papi» del manoscritto come «quattro Mori», e conclude che esso è da datare dopo il 1725.
20. Anche questo manoscritto è nella Biblioteca Universitaria, ms. 3937/ CII/33, folio II verso. Fondo Ubaldo Zanetti. Si vedano I Tarocchi, pp. 109-10, n. 39, e F. Pratesi, op. cit. [end of 234]
[start of 236] 21. Ancora una volta il manoscritto è nella Biblioteca Universitaria, ms. 3938/CIH/25, Fondo Ubaldo Zanetti. Si vedano I Tarocchi, p. 109, n. 37, e F. Pratesi, op. cit.
22. Si veda F. Pratesi, op. cit. Il manoscritto è nella Biblioteca Universitaria, ms. 3905/6, Caps. 73.19.
1. 1668, in which ladies of Bologna are given names of tarocchi, including one as the Angel and another as the Devil.
2. Another, before 1725, similarly, where a Countess Baldi is assigned to the Devil for her horrid deformities and ugliness. [This list is in Vitali and Zanetti, Il Tarocchini di Bologna, by Vitali and Zanetti, 2005.]
3. From the 1680s, a satirical sonnet, ‘Il giuoco de Tarocchini sopra Michele Tekeli Ribello’ about a Hungarian who fought alongside the Turks. Only one Pope is included. [The sonnet in Italian is at http://trionfi.com/pratesi-cartomancer. A translation of the first four lines is at http://www.letarot.it/page.aspx?id=199&lng=eng. The occasion was 1683, but the poem could be any time before 1725.]
4. After 1725, 'Thrionfi de Tarocchi e motivi latini appropriati a ciascuno dei canonici di S. Pietro’ [Triumphs of Tarocchi and Latin reasons appropriate to each of the canons of St. Peter']. The four Moors are listed below the Bagatino and the Fool. [Ross Caldwell gave this list with a translation at http://www.tarotforum.net/showthread.php?t=167088. He lists the Moors above the Bagatino and the Fool. However his source, Vitali and Zanetti, Il Tarocchini di Bologna, 2005, has the order in the way Dummett says.]
5. After 1725, "The Triumphs of Tarocchini", which associates ladies with cards, with the "Moretti" above the Bagatino and Fool.
I would add that Vitali and Zanetti include at least two more, both in strict Bolognese order, both anonymous and undated. One links the triumphs in order with different districts in the city of Bologna. The other is called "La Granda de Tarochini che invita le sfere celesti aeree ferree, e sotteranee, al Trionfante Applauso universale del Sig. Andre Casale". This poem is discussed with quotes in Italian and English at http://www.letarot.it/page.aspx?id=243&lng=ENG. This last has "Temperamento" highlighted in the poem and lacks any mention of Papi, except in a separate stanza at the end, which simply lists the appluading cards, which has both "Tempra" and "quattro Papi". Casale died in 1639, so the poem is between then and 1725. Vitali and Zanetti also give a few other poems that include the titles of the cards within them, but since Alciati's is one of them, I am not sure which are Bolognese.
I have already discussed one aspect of Dummett's account of the rules, more complex than in Milan, with the Angel counting for points, also the last trick and combinations. Besides sequences, there is another type of combinations, called "cricche" or, in the past, "parigli". The rules are complex (p. 238):
He ends the chapter by saying (p. 239, omitting the original of the footnote):Le cricche sono gruppi di tre o quattro carte di un solo tipo, ad esempio tre o quattro Regine; non è possibile formare una cricca di carte numerali, ma tre delle carte conosciute come ‘tarocchi’, o tutte e quattro, formano una cricca. Come indica il nome, le ‘sequenze’ sono sequenze di tre o più carte di un qualsiasi seme oppure di trionfi. Una sequenza deve andare dalla carta più alta, un Re o l’Angelo, in giù, ma basta che siano presenti solo due delle tre carte successive. Un gruppo di tre o quattro Assi, o di tre o quattro Morì, conta, tuttavia, come sequenza e non come cricca: questo è importante perché il punteggio per le cricche è raddoppiato se ce ne sono tre o più (‘criccone’) e lo stesso vale per le sequenze. Sia il Matto che il Bagattino fungono da jolly (‘contatori’) e, con certe limitazioni, possono riempire i vuoti in qualsiasi tipo di cricche o sequenze (ma non possono mai sostituire il Re o l’Angelo in una sequenza). Nel punteggio, le cricche e le sequenze vengono segnate due volte: una, in apertura di partita, quando vengono dichiarate dal giocatore che le ha in mano; poi, nuovamente, in fine di partita, in quanto incluse nelle prese fatte da un giocatore, o, nel gioco a quattro, da una coppia di compagni. Quando tutte le carte sono state prese dall’una o dall’altra delle due coppie, questi punteggi finali sono molto più alti dei punti delle singole carte che hanno valori di punteggio e delle prese stesse. Questo sistema è probabilmente molto antico e costituisce un tratto caratteristico del gioco bolognese. Forse precede la riduzione del mazzo da settantotto a sessantadue carte; ma è improbabile che sia tanto antico quanto il sistema di punti base a cui si è sovrapposto.
(The "cricche" are groups of three or four cards of one type, for example three or four Queens; one cannot form a cricca of pip cards, but three of the cards known as 'tarots' , or all four, form a cricca. As the name indicates, the 'sequences' are sequences of three or more cards of any suit or triumphs. A sequence must go down from the highest card, a King or the Angel, but only two of the next three cards. A group of three or four aces, or three or four tens, counts, however, as a sequence and not as a cricca: this is important because the score for the cricche is doubled if there are three or more ('criccone') and the same applies to the sequences. Both the Fool and the Bagattino are wild ('‘contatori') and, with certain limitations, they can fill in the gaps in any kind of cricche or sequences (but can never replace the King or the Angel in a sequence). In the score, the cricche and sequences are marked twice: once, in the opening of the hand when declared by the player who has them in his hand; then, again at the end of the hand, in so far as they included in the tricks made by a player, or, in the game of four, by a pair of players. When all the cards have been taken by either of the two pairs, these final scores are much higher than the points of the various cards that have score values and the tricks themselves. This system is probably very old and is a characteristic feature of the game in Bologna. Maybe it precedes the reduction of the seventy-eight to a sixty card pack; but it is unlikely to be as old as the points system on which it is superimposed.)
Laddove Ferrara è stata volubile, Bologna è stata fedele23: non solo il gioco dei Tarocchi continua ad esservi praticato fin da prima del 1459, ma sia il gioco che le carte hanno subito meno cambiamenti che in qualsiasi altra località.
(Where Ferrara was fickle, Bologna was faithful [23): not only does the game of Tarot continue to be practiced since before 1459, but both the game and the cards have undergone fewer changes than in any other locality.
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25 See G. Franco Laghi, Il Gioco dei Tarocchi Bolognesi [The Game of Bolognese Tarot], Banco Popolare di Bologna e Ferrara, 1983, for the rules of the modern game.
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